Abstract
A simple and efficient diffusion couple method is utilized to study the chemical interactions between cemented carbide cutting tools and difficult-to-machine materials (Ti, Ti-6Al-4V, Ni, Inconel 718, Fe, and AISI 316L). The experimental results and simulations probe different chemical interactions between the cemented carbide and work materials. In particular, the formation of a thick TiC layer is observed at the cemented carbide/Ti and Ti-6Al-4V interface while η-phase is formed at the interface between the cemented carbide and work materials Inconel 718, Fe and AISI 316L. Pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V both interact strongly with the tool causing formation of TiC and dissolution of WC-grains. Experiments and diffusion simulations confirm bcc-W formation and progressive diffusion of W into bcc-Ti. For both Ti and Fe work materials a dense band of carbides (WC + η or WC + TiC) forms at the interface, effectively inhibiting further diffusion. Ni does not form any stable carbide and lowers the η-phase limit in terms of carbon content, wherefore diffusion can occur freely. The diffusion couple method used in this work, corroborated by DICTRA simulations should serve as a useful tool in the detailed analysis of worn tools where chemical wear is dominant.
Highlights
Titanium and titanium based alloys are increasingly used for aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing applications.[1]
The formation of a thick TiC layer is observed at the cemented carbide/Ti and Ti-6Al-4V interface while g-phase is formed at the interface between the cemented carbide and work materials Inconel 718, Fe and AISI 316L
Initial calculations showed that the known phase equilibria of Co-based cemented carbides, along with Ti, Ni or Fe, could be reproduced satisfactorily
Summary
Titanium and titanium based alloys are increasingly used for aerospace, medical, marine and chemical processing applications.[1] the need for high productivity when machining those materials grows stronger. Given the great need of products, and the difficulty to produce them, it is of interest to study interactions between cemented carbide and these materials. Hatt et al.[7] utilized a diffusion couple method similar to the one presented in this work to study the interaction between cemented carbide and titanium alloys. The present authors have developed a relatively simple and flexible diffusion couple method which utilizes the difference in thermal expansion in the work material and the cutting tool to achieve a good contact at the interface between the materials during annealing. The capability of the suggested diffusion-couple method is demonstrated by a detailed experimental investigation along with diffusion simulations of difficult to machine materials (Ti, Ti-6Al-4V, Ni, Inconel 718, Fe and AISI 316L)
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