Chemical fractionation of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb in sewage sludge amended soils at the end of 65-d sorghum-sudan grass growth

Abstract

Heavy metals are potentially toxic to human life and the environment. Metal toxicity depends on chemical associations in soil. Understanding the chemical association of trace elements in soils amended with biosolids is very important since it determines their availability within rhizosphere and mobility beyond the rhizosphere. A sequential extraction method was used to determine the various chemical associations [labile (exchangeable + sorbed), organic, carbonates, and sulfides] of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb at the end of sorghum-sudan grass growth (65d) in Candler fine sand (pH = 6.8) and in Ogeechee loamy sand (pH = 5.2) amended with wastewater treatment sludge (WWTS) obtained from two different sources at application rates of 0, 24.7, 49.4, 98.8, and 148.2 Mg ha−1. Results of this study indicated that irrespective of the soil type, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb in the labile fractions (exchangeable + sorbed) were in the range of 0–3.0 mg kg−1 and the amount for Zn was in the range of 0.2–6.6 mg kg−1. Therefore, their availability to plants and mobility beyond rhizosphere would be substantially low unless further transformations occur from other fractions. Results also indicated that the presence of substantial amounts of trace elements studied were in sulfide (HNO3) fraction and in organic (NaOH) fraction irrespective of soil type with the exception of Pb which was mainly present as carbonate (Na2EDTA) fraction and the remaining Pb equally as sulfide (HNO3) and organic (NaOH) fractions. Furthermore, results indicated that Cd was mainly present as carbonate (Na2EDTA) fraction. Irrespective of soil type, source and rate of WWTS application, summation of quantities of various fractions of all the trace elements studied through sequential extraction procedure were 1 to 25 % lower than that of total recoverable quantities of these trace elements determined on acid digestion described by US EPA method 3050 B. It was further evident that growing sorghum sudan grass for 65-d following the application of WWTS either depleted labile fractions or shifted the solid phases containing the trace elements in soils away from those extractable with more severe reagents, such as 4M HNO3 to those extractable with milder reagents such as dilute NaOH and Na2EDTA.