Abstract
In the current study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum seeds was evaluated. Phenolic profiling of T. foenum-graecum was conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) as well as through the mass spectrometry technique to characterize compounds responsible for bioactivity, which confirmed almost 18 compounds, 13 of which were quantified through a chromatographic assay. In vitro antioxidant analysis of the extract exhibited substantial antioxidant activities with the lowest IC50 value of both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) inhibition assays. The extract was found to be non-toxic against human RBCs and murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the extract significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), intrlukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing the cellular infiltration to the inflammatory site in both carrageenan-induced peritonitis and an air pouch model of inflammation. Pretreatment with T. foenum-graecum extract caused significant improvement in antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT (catalase), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) against oxidative stress induced by carrageenan. Based on our results of in vivo and in vitro experimentation, we concluded that hydroethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum is a potential source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
Highlights
Inflammation is the protective response of the body to noxious stimuli, microbes, and chemicals or irritants [1]
When this peak was extracted for the PDA spectrum, it showed lambda maximum at 271.2 and 214.6 nm, which corresponds to a standard spectrum as well as the NIST library
The results reveal that T. foenum-graecum seed extract displayed excellent antioxidant potential with total phenolic contents of 454.93 ± 3.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, total flavonoid contents (TFC) of 135.04 ± 2.12 μg/CE and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
Summary
Inflammation is the protective response of the body to noxious stimuli, microbes, and chemicals or irritants [1]. It causes change in vascular permeability, blood flow alteration and increased migration of leucocytes to the inflammatory area, and results in pain, heat, redness, swelling and functional failure of the affected tissue [2]. Antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory medicines are available, these drugs are arguably. Plant-derived natural products, polyphenolics, and related antioxidant phytochemicals have a diverse range of bioactivities, including anti-inflammation, owing to their ability to quench and alleviate oxidative stress in biological systems, restoring health [12]. The latest research focus has switched towards plant-based natural products as one of the most encouraging sources of curative agents of inflammation and pain [13]
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