Abstract
The focus of present study is on Codium bursa collected from the Adriatic Sea. C. bursa volatiles were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-FID; GC-MS) after headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), hydrodistillation (HD), and supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2). The headspace composition of dried (HS-D) and fresh (HS-F) C. bursa was remarkably different. Dimethyl sulfide, the major HS-F compound was present in HS-D only as a minor constituent and heptadecane percentage was raised in HS-D. The distillate of fresh C. bursa contained heptadecane and docosane among the major compounds. After air-drying, a significantly different composition of the volatile oil was obtained with (E)-phytol as the predominant compound. It was also found in SC-CO2 extract of freeze-dried C. bursa (FD-CB) as the major constituent. Loliolide (3.51%) was only identified in SC-CO2 extract. Fatty acids were determined from FD-CB after derivatisation as methyl esters by GC-FID. The most dominant acids were palmitic (25.4%), oleic (36.5%), linoleic (11.6%), and stearic (9.0%). FD-CB H2O extract exhibited better antifungal effects against Fusarium spp., while dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract was better for the inhibition of Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus flavus, and Rhizophus spp. The extracts showed relatively good antifungal activity, especially against P. expansum (for DMSO extract MIC50 was at 50 µg/mL).
Highlights
Due to their biological and chemical variations, algae have drawn attention as a source of bioactive compounds whose concentration depends on the season, growth conditions, location, and environmental changes [1]
Different methods were chosen to obtain a comprehensive profile of the headspace, low and medium volatile compounds
The results of of the present study revealed a total of 19 fatty acids (Table 2) in freeze-dried C. bursa (FD-CB)
Summary
Due to their biological and chemical variations, algae have drawn attention as a source of bioactive compounds whose concentration depends on the season, growth conditions, location, and environmental changes [1]. The algae are more frequently represented by three groups (green (Chlorophyta), brown (Phaeophyta), and red (Rhodophyta)). During the growth and adaptation to abiotic stress, algae produce different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which serve for the communication and interaction with the surrounding environment. Their concentration and composition depend on the environmental conditions, species, and geographical origin, as well as drying process and method used for their extraction [11]
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