Abstract
The introduction of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) in Italy raised concerns for its control in herbaceous and perennial crops, nurseries and landscape plants. During the early stages of spread of an invasive pest, the availability of effective insecticides is essential to sustain the immediate needs of plant protection. Here, we screened the effects of 20 active ingredients representative of chemical and organic insecticides registered in Europe for adult beetle management on high-value crops (grapevine, peach and corn) and landscape plants (willow and Virginia creeper) by field trials carried out in 2019 and 2020. Plant parts suitable for spraying were sleeved and beetles were caged before the application (contact effect), after the application but on the same day (residual, short-term effect), and 7–8 days after the application (residual, long-term effect). Among the 20 active ingredients tested, only four broad-spectrum (acetamiprid, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and phosmet) were effective in killing beetles under all the experimental conditions, while other broad-spectrum and selective ingredients were mainly effective only on contact and as short-term residual. The organic active ingredients were much less effective under any condition. The data provide a valid support to update the European guidelines aimed at controlling P. japonica for growers, landscape managers and homeowners. The low selectivity of the most effective insecticides requires the integration into management strategies that envisage their use only whether strictly necessary, and in combination with other containment measures.
Highlights
In the last decade insect phylogenetics has made tremendous progresses owing to the combined use of morphological and molecular data, along with new tools for data analysis (Kier et al 2016, J R Soc Interface, 13: 20160363)
The introductory pages of the ‘Opera omnia’, published posthumously (Venice 1743), which includes many writings previously unpublished, due partly to the premature death of the author, provide us with biographical information about him. His printed works reveal his interests in Latinity especially: Patarol commented on the ‘Declamationes’ traditionally attributed to Quintilian (1st century AD) alongside his own ‘Antilogiae’ in which he defends the reasons of opposing sides, and translated celebratory writings in honor of emperors into Italian, illustrating them with series of effigies drawn from ancient coins
Monitoring activities show the following information about tested e-traps: The e-traps Trapview have regularly sent images of the catches, confirming to be suitable for G. molesta monitoring; The Trapview model used for B. dorsalis monitoring did not catch any pest, it was activated with generic food attractant, which usually allowed the capture of specimens belonging to different species of diptera in traditional traps; The models provided by Pessl Instruments showed several problems in data transmission, the system did not provide any photos in real time and it was difficult to assess the efficacy of the trap, making it impossible to carry out remote monitoring
Summary
X - Commodity and urban entomology and insects as food Russo A., Trematerra P. and feed. XIII - Biological control and integrated pest management Burgio G., Zappalà L
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