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Abstract
Nicotiana rustica L. (Aztec tobacco) is the only Nicotiana species, except common tobacco (N. tabacum L.), which is cultivated for tabacco products. The leaves of N. rustica, however, accumulate various specialized metabolites of potential interest. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate certain classes of metabolites (by HPLC and GC-MS) in the leaves, the essential oil (EO), concrete and resinoid of N. rustica. Three pentacyclic triterpenes were identified in the leaves (by HPLC): betulin (252.78 µg g-1), betulinic (182.53 µg g-1) and oleanolic (69.44 µg g-1) acids. The dominant free phenolic acids in the leaves (by HPLC) were rosmarinic (4257.38 µg g-1) and chlorogenic (1714.40 µg g-1), and conjugated forms of vanillic (3445.71 µg g-1), sinapic (1963.11 µg g-1), and syringic (1784.96 µg g-1). The major flavonoids in the leaves were luteolin (960.44 µg g-1), apigenin (880.66 µg g-1) and hyperosid (780.72 µg g-1). The GS-MS profiling of the EO identified 19 components and the major ones were phytol (43.68 %), solanone (5.54 %), cis-5-butyl-4-methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (5.23 %), dihydro-β-ionone (4.25 %), α-ionene (3.54 %),and β-damascenone (3.03 %). The major volatiles in the concrete were isoamyl alcohol (28.82 %), oxynicotine (9.02 %), phytol (7.80 %), 4-mеthyl-1-penthanol (6.33 %), cotinine (5.55 %) and 3-metyl-3-penthanol (4.09 %). Resinoid composition was dominant by nicotine (39.75 %), phytol (11.23 %), eicosane (4.88 %), diethyl phthalate (4.19 %), dibutyl phthalate (3.48 %) and solanone (3.27 %). Concrete and resinoid showed weak antibacterial activity . These results create grounds for considering N. rustica as a source to obtain aroma or other bioproducts.
Highlights
Nicotiana rustica L. and Nicotiana tabacum L. are the only two of the 76 Nicotiana species (Solanaceae) that are used for large-scale production of cured leaves intended for the manufacture of various tobacco products for human consumption
Kurucu et al (1998) found substantial differences in the alkaloid levels of N. rustica leaves depending on plant cultivation conditions
In the last two decades the focus of phytochemical research on tobacco has been on the analysis of biologically active secondary metabolites such as plant volatiles, terpenes, carotenoids, sterols, saponins, phenolics and secondary alkaloids, and the results reveal the clear potential of N. tabacum L. and some other Nicotiana species in this aspect (Andersson, Wennstrom & Gry, 2003; Budzianowski, 2014; Chowanski et al, 2016; Jassbi et al, 2017; Kodama, Fujimori & Kato, 1984; Rodgman & Perfetti, 2016; Zhou, Li, Feng & Li, 2013)
Summary
Nicotiana rustica L. (known as “wild tobacco”, “Aztec tobacco” or “makhorka”) and Nicotiana tabacum L. (common tobacco) are the only two of the 76 Nicotiana species (Solanaceae) that are used for large-scale production of cured leaves intended for the manufacture of various tobacco products for human consumption (by smoking, chewing, snuffing). The content of nicotine (3-[(2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin2-yl] pyridine), the basic native alkaloid of N. rustica L. may reach as high as 8 to 10 % (in single reported cases even 15 to 18 %), depending greatly on variety, environmental and cultivation conditions. Sisson and Severson (1990) in a study on the alkaloid levels and composition of 64 Nicotiana species, reported 5.4 μg g−1 total-alkaloid content in freeze-dried green leaves from greenhouse-grown plants (of which 98.2 % were nicotine, 0.5 % nornicotine, 0.8 % anabasine, 0.5 % anatabine), and considerably higher content in leaves from field-grown plants at 25.6 μg g−1 (97.1 % nicotine, 0.7 % nornicotine, 0.5 % anabasine, 1.7 % anatabine). Kurucu et al (1998) found substantial differences in the alkaloid levels (nicotine, nornicotine and anabasine) of N. rustica leaves depending on plant cultivation conditions (for example, nicotine levels varying from 7.71 % to 2.12 % in the tobacco from two different regions of Turkey). In terms of the assessment of N. rustica L. leaf quality as a material for smoking and smokeless tobacco products, a number of basic indices of the chemical composition have been determined, e.g. ash (13.7 - 19.4 %), reducing substances (1.20 - 1.80 %), soluble carbohydrates (in trace amounts), total nitrogen (4.10 - 4.60 %), ammo-
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