Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze hexane extract (HE), 75% v / v ethanol extract (EE), and water extract (WE) of rusa deer velvet antlers, obtained through a three-solvent sequential extraction, for determining their chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, element concentrations, and microbial contamination. In TLC, FTIR, 1H NMR, and HPLC analysis, HE and EE showed the presence of oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and testosterone. EE showed the highest concentration of testosterone and the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP assays. In addition, the concentration of testosterone in EE was higher than in sika deer and red deer velvet antler extracts found in other studies. All extracts were composed of essential elements and had levels of toxic elements and microbial contaminants lower than the acceptable criteria set by ASEAN guidelines. Thus, EE was considered to be a safe and useful source of antioxidants and testosterone.
Highlights
A sequential multisolvent extraction process has been widely used to extract chemical components from medicinal plants and animals because it reduces the consumption of precious natural raw materials [5]
There has still been no report pertaining to the chemical constituents and Journal of Chemistry antioxidant activities of rusa deer antler velvet extracts prepared by a sequential extraction. us, the objectives of this study were to compare several extracts of rusa deer velvet antlers obtained from a three-solvent sequential extraction process for determining their chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, essential and toxic element concentrations, and microbial contamination
water extract (WE) obtained by digesting the residue from hexane and ethanol extractions in hot water at 45°C for 24 h showed the highest extraction yield while EE prepared by sonicating the residue from hexane extraction in 75% v/v ethanol at room temperature for 24 h gave the lowest yield
Summary
A sequential multisolvent extraction process has been widely used to extract chemical components from medicinal plants and animals because it reduces the consumption of precious natural raw materials [5]. This extraction process can be applied by Small Manufacturing Enterprises (SMEs). There has still been no report pertaining to the chemical constituents and Journal of Chemistry antioxidant activities of rusa deer antler velvet extracts prepared by a sequential extraction. Us, the objectives of this study were to compare several extracts of rusa deer velvet antlers obtained from a three-solvent sequential extraction process for determining their chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, essential and toxic element concentrations, and microbial contamination There has still been no report pertaining to the chemical constituents and Journal of Chemistry antioxidant activities of rusa deer antler velvet extracts prepared by a sequential extraction. us, the objectives of this study were to compare several extracts of rusa deer velvet antlers obtained from a three-solvent sequential extraction process for determining their chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, essential and toxic element concentrations, and microbial contamination
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