Chemical Constituents and Biologic Activities of Sage Species: A Comparison between Salvia officinalis L., S. glutinosa L. and S. transsylvanica (Schur ex Griseb. &amp; Schenk) Schur

Andrei Mocan,Dan C Vodnar,Ionel Fizeșan,Alina Diuzheva,Luigi Menghini,Gianina Crișan,Marina Sokovic,Gokhan Zengin,Simone Carradori,Cristian R Sisea,Mihai Babotă,Anca Pop,Marcello Locatelli,Sabin Bădărău,Cristina Campestre,Ramona Păltinean

doi:10.3390/antiox9060480

Abstract

Even though Salvia genus is one of the most known and studied taxa of Lamiaceae family, the knowledge regarding the chemical composition and health-related benefits of some locally used Salvia species (mostly endemic) is still scarce. In this regard, the present work aims to evaluate the chemical profile and potential bioactivities of 70% (v/v) ethanolic extracts obtained from the less-studied S. transsylvanica and S. glutinosa in comparison with S. officinalis. HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of rutin and catechin as the main compounds in the extracts of the three studied species (using the employed HPLC method), whereas the presence of naringenin was highlighted only in S. glutinosa extract. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and quercetin were identified and quantified for the first time in S. transsylvanica extracts. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of each extract was tested through complementary methods (phosphomolybdenum assay, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP assays), and correlated with the presence of phenolics (especially flavonoids) in high amounts. The neuroprotective and antidiabetic abilities of S. officinalis (the most active as AChE, BChE and α-glucosidase inhibitor), S. glutinosa (the most active as α-amylase inhibitor) and S. transsylvanica were also studied. For each extract it was determined the antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects using in vitro assays. The obtained results confirm the potential of S. transsylvanica and S. glutinosa as promising sources of bioactive compounds and as a starting point for further analyses.

Highlights

The relationship between phytochemicals produced by plant metabolism and the effects revealed by empirical and scientific pharmacological observations fascinated researchers involved in the study of plant effects on human or animal health for centuries
The present study aims to elucidate and compare the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibition activity and antibacterial/antifungal effects of S. glutinosa and
Phenolics are described as a main class of bioactive compounds found in Salvia species, being represented both in polar and nonpolar fractions of the extracts obtained from these plants [13,14]

Summary

Introduction

The relationship between phytochemicals produced by plant metabolism and the effects revealed by empirical and scientific pharmacological observations fascinated researchers involved in the study of plant effects on human or animal health for centuries. Cultures and centuries an incredible number of plants have been used for their beneficial effects. Salvia is a large genus of the Lamiaceae family that comprises over 1000 species distributed worldwide, with the virtual exception of Australia and. The genus Salvia could be considered highly dynamic for a large variety of medicinal, aromatic, cosmetic and ornamental applications, both as traditional and innovative uses. For taxonomists, the genus Salvia is still the object of investigations and recently was confirmed as non-monophyletic and re-circumscribed with relevant inclusion of other genera, such as Dorystaechas, Meriandra, Perovskiam, Rosmarinus and Zhumeria as Salvia species [4]

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