Chemical composition of PM2.5 in an urban environment in Chengdu, China: Importance of springtime dust storms and biomass burning

Abstract

Daily PM2.5 samples were collected in Chengdu, a megacity in southwest China, for a period of one month in every season during 2009–2010. Mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), levoglucosan (LG), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and elements were determined to identify the chemical characteristics and potential sources of PM2.5. The data obtained in spring were discussed in detail to explore the impacts of dust storms and biomass burning on the chemical aerosol properties. The daily PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 49.2 to 425.0μgm−3 with an annual average of 165.1±85.1μgm−3. The highest seasonal average of PM2.5 concentrations was observed in the winter (225.5±73.2μgm−3) and the lowest in the summer (113.5±39.3μgm−3). Dust storm influence was observed only during the spring, while biomass burning activities occurred frequently in late spring and early summer. In the spring season, water-soluble ions, total carbonaceous aerosols, and the sum of the dominant elements (Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cu) accounted for 30.0±9.3%, 38.6±11.4%, and 6.2±5.3%, respectively, of the total PM2.5 mass. Crustal element levels evidently increased during the dust storm episode and LG, OC, WSOC, Cl− and K+ concentrations increased by a factor of 2-7 during biomass burning episodes. Using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model, four sources for spring aerosols were identified, including secondary sulfate and nitrate, motor vehicle emissions, soil dust, and biomass burning. The four sources were estimated to contribute 24.6%, 18.8%, 23.6% and 33.0%, respectively, to the total PM2.5 mass.