Abstract
The present paper aims to investigate the chemical composition of unripe black pine seeds obtained from Bulgaria. The lipid fraction was evaluated in unripe seeds, and the cellulose, total carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were evaluated in seedcakes. The major fatty acid identified in the Pinus nigra seed oil was unsaturated linoleic acid (44.2%), followed by the saturated palmitic acid (31.2%). The amount of unsaturated pinolenic (10.5%) and oleic acids (8.8%) was also rather high. The amino acid composition of the protein fraction of seedcakes was also determined. The amino acid composition was represented mainly by asparagine (3.92 mg/g), serine (3.79 mg/g), alanine (3.65 mg/g), arginine (3.32 mg/g), phenylalanine (2.98 mg/g), lysine (2.85 mg/g), proline (2.69 g/mg), tryptophan (2.44 mg/g), valine (2.33 mg/g), isoleucine (2.28 mg/g), and tyrosine (2.05 mg/g). The mineral content (N, P, K, Mg, Na, and Cu) of the seedcakes was evaluated, as the amount of K (8048.00 mg/kg) and Mg (172.99 mg/kg) were the highest in the samples. These findings emphasized the potential use of the unripe black pine seeds in different areas due to their chemical importance and values.
Highlights
The ability of plants to interact with several biotic and abiotic factors is known as plant ecology
The amount of essential linoleic (ω-6) fatty acid (44.2%) was the highest in the composition of unripe seed oil
The amount of the lipid fraction of P. nigra unripe seeds in this study was lower than the values obtained from seeds of P. pinea (44.9%) [6,8], which showed that the plant ecology, as well as the degree of vegetation and the species type, determined the chemical profile of the seeds
Summary
The ability of plants to interact with several biotic and abiotic factors is known as plant ecology. It is the basis of the increasing diversity of plant species, for which the number is over 400,000. It is known that abiotic environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and sunlight have favorable or adverse effects on plant diversity [1,2]. Plant species have increasing importance for people due to their use in the various spheres, such as pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries, which draw attention to some potential plant species containing biologically active substances. With more than 100 existing species, Pinus is the largest genus of conifers and the most widespread in the Northern Hemisphere
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