Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) extracts from Onosma bourgaei (Boiss.) and O. trachytricha (Boiss.). In addition, the interactions between phytochemicals found in extracts in high amounts and the target enzymes in question were revealed at the molecular scale by performing in silico molecular docking simulations. While the total amount of flavonoid compounds was higher in O. bourgaei, O. trachytricha was richer in phenolics. Chromatographic analysis showed that the major compounds of the extracts were luteolin 7-glucoside, apigenin 7-glucoside and rosmarinic acid. With the exception of the ferrous ion chelating assay, O. trachytricha exhibited higher antioxidant activity than O. bourgaei. O. bourgaei exhibited also slightly higher activity on digestive enzymes. The inhibitory activities of the Onosma species on tyrosinase were almost equal. In addition, the inhibitory activities of the extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were stronger than the activity on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Molecular docking simulations revealed that luteolin 7-glucoside and apigenin 7-glucoside have particularly strong binding affinities against ChEs, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase when compared with co-crystallized inhibitors. Therefore, it was concluded that the compounds in question could act as effective inhibitors on cholinesterases, tyrosinase and digestive enzymes.
Highlights
The members of the Boraginaceae are mainly spread in tropical regions of the world
The higher activity of O. trachytricha which was richer in the selected phytochemicals, in most of the antioxidant activity tests showed that the chemical composition contributed to the antioxidant activity significantly
The fact that O. trachytricha, which was richer in most of the phytochemicals given in Table 2, is more active than O. bourgaei as an antioxidant, as expected, confirmed the view that the chemical composition has a determining effect on antioxidant activity
Summary
According to the taxonomic records, this genus is estimated to consist of 100 genera and 2000 species spread throughout the Earth [1,2]. Many Onosma species have been scrutinized to determine their biologically active substances such as deoxyshikonin, acetyl shikonin, 3-hydroxyisovaleryl shikonin and 5,8-O-dimethylacetyl shikonin [2]. The cultivation of Onosma species, is of great importance. Many Onosma species have been found to have several activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound healing [6,7], and anti-tumor [7]. Some Onosma species (O. argentatum, O. echiodes, O. heterophylla, and O. stellulatum) have been reported to contain alkaloids showing carcinogenic and/or hepatotoxic properties [8,9]
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