Abstract
In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO2-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO2, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO2, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes.
Highlights
Chemical Components of Essential Oil Extracted from Vetiveria Zizanioides Root
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) oil is mainly composed of hydrocarbons (81.91%), which can be used as a potential food additive, while HD oil has an applicable usage in the perfumery and cosmetic industry [11]
For the root oil from traditional hydrodistillation, 21 volatiles were observed with three main chemical compounds, cedr-8-en-13-ol (26.54%), β-guaiene (15.31%), and cycloisolongifolene
Summary
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, is a perennial plant of the Poaceae family (subfamily Panicoideae), native from India, and widely found in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Central, and South America [1]. The annual market demand of vetiver oil was estimated at up to 250 tons, worth approximately $200 million per year [8], while the worldwide herbal cultivating area has reached nearly 10,000 hectares [9]. Because of these introductory facts, many researchers have focused on the innovation of extraction techniques to reduces production costs as well as environmental pollution
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