Abstract
Hedychium puerense, a perennial rhizomatous herb, is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and edible plant in Yunnan Province, China. Essential oils from Hedychium plants are widely used in perfumes and traditional medicine, but there are no studies on the constituents and bioactivities of H. puerense essential oil (EO). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the chemical composition, antibacterial, enzyme-inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory activities of H. puerense rhizome EO. The gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) results indicated that H. puerense EO was mainly composed of linalool (26.5%), β-pinene (18.6%), γ-terpinene (12.1%), terpinen-4-ol (7.7%), α-pinene (5.8%), sabinene (4.9%), E-nerolidol (4.1%), and p-cymene (3.6%). For biological activities, H. puerense EO displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) values ranging from 7.44 to 10.30 mm, a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.13–6.25 mg/m), and a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 3.13–12.50 mg/mL. Moreover, the EO significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 0.94 ± 0.02 mg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 1.32 ± 0.06 mg/mL) activities, and exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 5.42 ± 0.32 mg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 3.23 ± 0.21 mg/mL). Furthermore, the EO significantly suppressed the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) (99.23 ± 0.26%), cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (97.14 ± 0.11%), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (82.42 ± 0.16%) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 250 μg/mL without cytotoxicity. Hence, H. puerense EO can be considered a bioactive, natural product that has great potential for utilization in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics.
Highlights
Essential oils are a mixture of secondary metabolites with a volatile nature and strong odor obtained from aromatic plants [1,2]
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was carried out by using an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph coupled with an Agilent 5975C mass spectrometric detector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA)
The antibacterial activity of EO was tested against three Gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) and three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Proteus vulgaris ACCC 11002, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and Escherichia coli CICC 10389)
Summary
Essential oils are a mixture of secondary metabolites with a volatile nature and strong odor obtained from aromatic plants [1,2]. An estimated 3000 essential oils were documented, approximately 300 of which have important commercial value and are mainly used in agricultural, cosmetic, perfume, sanitary, food, and pharmaceutical fields for their wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antiprotozoal, and analgesic activities [3,4,5,6,7]. The essential oils from the rhizomes of Hedychium plants possess great potential for wide applications and were utilized in perfumes and traditional medicine [9,10]. Essential oils from Hedychium plants were proven to possess a great potential for applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical fields. This study was designed to explore the chemical composition, antibacterial, enzyme inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from H. puerense rhizome
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