Abstract
Peperomia Ruiz and Pav, the second largest genus of the Piperaceae, has over the years shown potential biological activities. In this sense, the present work aimed to carry out a seasonal and circadian study on the chemical composition of Peperomia circinata essential oils and aromas, as well as to evaluate the preliminary toxicity in Artemia salina Leach and carry out an in silico study on the interaction mechanism. The chemical composition was characterized by gas chromatography (GC/MS and GC-FID). In the seasonal study the essential oil yields had a variation of 1.2–7.9%, and in the circadian study the variation was 1.5–5.6%. The major compounds in the seasonal study were β-phellandrene and elemicin, in the circadian they were β-phellandrene and myrcene, and the aroma was characterized by the presence of β-phellandrene. The multivariate analysis showed that the period and time of collection influenced the essential oil and aroma chemical composition. The highest toxicity value was observed for the essential oil obtained from the dry material, collected in July with a value of 14.45 ± 0.25 μg·mL−1, the in silico study showed that the major compounds may be related to potential biological activity demonstrated by the present study.
Highlights
The Piperaceae family, characterized as basal angiosperms [1], has approximately 3600 thousand species distributed both in pantropical and neotropical regions [2]
Essential oils’ yields obtained from the whole plant devoid of spikes for the seasonal study (July/2010 to May/2011) of fresh and dry samples ranged between 3.5–7.9% and 1.2–2.4%, respectively
The chemical composition of P. circinnata Link var. circinnata essential oils and aromas was analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry, using a Thermo DSQ-II system equipped with a DB-5MS silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm; 0.25 μm) with temperature program: 60–240 ◦C, using gradient of 3 ◦C/min; injector temperature: 240 ◦C; carrier gas: helium; splitless injection flow (0.1 mL of a 2:1000 sol. of n-hexane); temperature of ion source and other parts at 200 ◦C
Summary
The Piperaceae family, characterized as basal angiosperms [1], has approximately 3600 thousand species distributed both in pantropical and neotropical regions [2]. Many species are described as presenting themselves as herbs, sub-shrubs, shrubs, or arbors, or lianas, epiphytes, rupicolous, or terrestrial [3] This family is divided into five genera: Macropiper, Zippelia, Piper, Peperomia, and Manekia [4]. Peperomia Ruiz and Pav is the second largest genus of the Piperaceae family, containing about 1600 species [5], and is considered one of the 10 main genus rich in floristic plants species [6] This genus species are endemic to the Amazon and the Andes, with distribution in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, these species are more concentrated in the Americas, where there is the greatest habitat diversity, from the southern United States to Argentina and Chile [5]. In Brazil, there are around 162 species, mainly in the Atlantic Forest [7], being morphologically described as presenting opposite or verticillate leaves and webbed, pinnate, or sometimes obscured veins [8]
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