Abstract
Simple SummaryThe prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica L. has an important economic role as a source of food for human consumption, for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes, and as fodder for livestock in Morocco. This crop is now attacked by a new sap-sucking insect pest, the wild-scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell). The aim of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of essential oils as alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of D. opuntiae nymphs and adult females under laboratory and field conditions. Results revealed that Mentha pulegium and Origanum vulgare oils provided a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited high contact toxicity against D. opuntiae. In addition, M. pulegium and O. vulgaris oils applied in combination with black soap induced the highest toxic activity on adult females under field conditions.The carmine cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) is the major insect pest of the prickly-pear cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) in Morocco. The present study investigated the insecticidal activities of six essential oils (EOs) against nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae applied singly or in combination with a detergent under laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare L. essential oils showed a high level of insecticidal activity at 5%, with 98% and 92% females’ mortality, respectively, 5 days after treatments. The M. pulegium and O. vulgaris oils at 5% applied in combination with black soap at (60 g/L) induced the highest toxic activity on adult females, 100% and 96% at 5 days after treatments, respectively. Under field conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils at 5% in combination with black soap (60 g/L) showed the highest adult female mortalities with 96.33 and 92.56%, respectively, 7 days after the first application. The double application of M. pulegium oil at 5% significantly increased the mortality of adult females up to 91%, 5 days after the second spray. GC-MS analysis revealed that the most abundant constituent of M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils was pulegone (84.69%) and durenol (76.53%), respectively. These findings showed that the use of M. pulegium and O. vulgare in combination with black soap or in double sprays could be incorporated in the management package for the control of the wild cochineal D. opuntiae, as a safe and natural alternative to chemical insecticides.
Highlights
The prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae), is a plant originating from Mexico and belonging to the Cactaceae family
The mortality of nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae after exposure to essential oils (EOs) is presented in Tables 1 and 2
At 3 days after application, the highest percentage mortality (74%) of adult females was recorded for M. pulegium oil at 5%, followed by O. vulgare oil (66%) at 5%
Summary
The prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae), is a plant originating from Mexico and belonging to the Cactaceae family. The cactus crops are gaining increasing interest as an ecological crop in preventing soil erosion and preserving biodiversity. It has been threatened recently by the wild cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), which was introduced in Morocco in 2014 [3]. Nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae feed directly on plants by sucking sap on the cladode, causing drying, weakening, and eventually death of the plant host [4]. Several promising integrated pest management options (host plant resistance, biological control, and biopesticides) for the control of the cochineal are being developed in Morocco [5,6,7,8,9]
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