Abstract
The producers of essential oils from the Republic of Moldova care about the quality of their products and at the same time, try to capitalize on the waste from processing. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of lavender (Lavanda angustifolia L.) essential oil and some by-products derived from its production (residual water, residual herbs), as well as to assess their “in vitro” antimicrobial activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils produced by seven industrial manufacturers led to the identification of 41 constituents that meant 96.80–99.79% of the total. The main constituents are monoterpenes (84.08–92.55%), followed by sesquiterpenes (3.30–13.45%), and some aliphatic compounds (1.42–3.90%). The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis allowed the quantification of known triterpenes, ursolic, and oleanolic acids, in freshly dried lavender plants and in the residual by-products after hydrodistillation of the essential oil. The lavender essential oil showed good antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora at 300 μg/mL concentration, and Erwinia amylovora, Candida utilis at 150 μg/mL concentration, respectively. Lavender plant material but also the residual water and ethanolic extracts from the solid waste residue showed high antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum, Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas aeroginosa strains, at 0.75–6.0 μg/mL, 0.08–0.125 μg/mL, and 0.05–4.0 μg/mL, respectively.
Highlights
The aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the chemical composition of lavender essential oil and some of the waste by-products produced industrially in the Republic of Moldova using different chromatographic techniques; (ii) assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracted compounds; and (iii) distinguish, using statistical analysis, between different lavender oils produced in different regions of the Republic of Moldova (Northern, Central, and Southern), based on the terpenic and aliphatic compounds
A total of 41 constituents of lavender essential oil were identified by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis (Table 1)
Producers Producers 2 (P2) to P7 use mobile installations and process raw plant material directly in the field, in modernized or artisanal installations, and this may influence the chemical composition of essential oils and resulting by-products
Summary
Lavandula spica L.) is a perennial evergreen shrub of the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region. Nowadays, this species is naturalized almost all over Europe, North Africa, United States, and Australia [1]. L.angustifolia (Lavander) is one of the most valuable medicinal and aromatic plants traditionally used to treat pain, parasitic infections, burns, insect bites, cramps, and muscle spasms [2]. In addition to its application in herbal treatment, lavender is cultivated for the essential oils used in aromatherapy and the cosmetic, food, and flavour industries [3,4,5]
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