Abstract
This study aimed determine the activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Origanum vulgare against some viruses of veterinary importance (bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine influenza virus (EIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAV), and canine cororavirus (CCoV) by evaluating the possibility of inhibition of viral particles production. The aqueous extract from 1600 μg/mL did not show cytotoxicity for all cellular lineages evaluated, Madin Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Rabbit kidney cells (RK 13), Madin Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and Crandell feline kidney cells (CRFK), and the ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare was not toxic at 600 μg/mL. The addition of aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare in media resulted in a significant reduction of the EAV titer from 105.42 infecting dose for cellular culture at 50% (TCID50) to 102.09 TCID50/100 μL while in the presence of the ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare in media resulted in a significant reduction of the EAV titer from 105.42 TCID50 to 100.79 TCID50/100 μL. To CDV the addition of aqueous extract resulted in a reduction from 102.00 TCID50 to 100.00 TCID50/100 μL while in the presence of the ethanolic extract titers were reduced from 102.00 TCID50 to 101.50 TCID50/100 μL. No significant differences in titers regarding the others analyzed viruses were detected. With respect to chemical analysis of the extracts of Origanum vulgare, were identified in the ethanol extract phenolics rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, carnosol, p-coumaric acid, carnosic acid, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol and quercetin. In aqueous extracts of Origanum vulgare were detected rosmarinic acid, p-coumaric acid carnosic acid, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol and quercetin. The data obtained stimulate other biological assays in order to determine which compounds are responsible for the antiviral activity as well as which are the mechanisms involved. The results presented and the considerations we were able to draw from them allowed us to conclude that the ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare demonstrated lower cell viability than the aqueous extract and has significant antiviral activity against EAV and the both aqueous and ethanolic extracts have antiviral action against CDV.
Highlights
Viral diseases are a challenge for human public health and the farming sector due to their clinical severity, the zoonotic character of some, as well as financial losses
The addition of aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare in media resulted in a significant reduction of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) titer from 105.42 infecting dose for cellular culture at 50% (TCID50) to 102.09 TCID50/100 μL while in the presence of the ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare in media resulted in a significant reduction of the EAV titer from 105.42 TCID50 to 100.79 TCID50/100 μL
Extraction resulted in density rates of 1.0002 g/cm3 for the aqueous extract and 0.7846 g/cm3 for the ethanolic extract of Origanum vulgare
Summary
Viral diseases are a challenge for human public health and the farming sector due to their clinical severity, the zoonotic character of some, as well as financial losses. While some diseases are controlled by vaccination programs [1] [2], others do not have available vaccines in domestic market [3] [4]. The use of antiviral drugs for control and treatment is characterized by several restrictions such as reduced action spectrum, limited therapeutic utility, microbial resistance, high costs, and limited availability [4] [5]. It is difficult to develop new antiviral drugs mainly because of the nature of the viruses, which are totally dependent on cellular metabolic processes to multiply and survive. Great efforts have been made to evaluate the antiviral potential of natural products, in order to isolate and characterize new compounds. Some extracts and essential oils of plants have been evaluated regarding their therapeutic potentiality, and many of them have shown promising biological activities [7] [8] [9] [10]
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