Abstract
Laminaria japonica L. is among the most commonly consumed seaweeds in northeast Asia. In the present study, L. japonica essential oil (LJEO) was extracted by microwave-hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. LJEO contained 21 volatile compounds, comprising 99.76% of the total volume of the essential oil, primarily tetradeconoic acid (51.75%), hexadecanoic acid (16.57%), (9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (12.09%), and (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid (9.25%). Evaluation of the antibacterial potential against three foodborne pathogens, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43890, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 49444, revealed that LJEO at a concentration of 25 mg/paper disc exerted high antibacterial activity against S. aureus (11.5 ± 0.58 mm inhibition zone) and B. cereus (10.5 ± 0.57 mm inhibition zone), but no inhibition of E. coli O157:H7. LJEO also displayed DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity (80.45%), superoxide anion scavenging activity (54.03%), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging at 500 µg/mL. Finally, LJEO showed high inhibition of lipid peroxidation with strong reducing power. In conclusion, LJEO from edible seaweed is an inexpensive but favorable resource with strong antibacterial capacity as well as free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity; therefore, it has the potential for use in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen-centered free radicals are continuously produced in the human body as byproducts due to numerous biochemical, physiological, and metabolic activities that occur during normal physiological processes [1,2]
The chemical composition of the extracted L. japonica essential oil (LJEO) (Figure 1) was analyzed by GC-MS (Figure 2), which resulted in identification of 21 volatile compounds comprising 99.76% of the total volume
The dominant fatty acids consisted of tetradecanoic acid (51.75%), hexadecanoic acid (16.57%), (9Z, 12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (12.09%), and (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid (9.25%) (Table 1)
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen-centered free radicals are continuously produced in the human body as byproducts due to numerous biochemical, physiological, and metabolic activities that occur during normal physiological processes [1,2]. Many plants and their products, essential oils, have recently been tested for their potential antioxidant activity against adverse free radicals [6,13,14,15]. Various solvent extracts of the marine seaweed Sargassum muticum have been found to be effective against human pathogens [21] It is worth investigating seaweeds and their products for the presence of potent antioxidant compounds. The extracts of seaweed belonging to the order Laminariales possess various biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiviral potential [23,24]. The essential oil was characterized and its free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogens were evaluated
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