Abstract
The integration of green natural chemical resources in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications allures researchers and scientistic worldwide. Cleome amblyocarpa has been reported as an important medicinal plant. However, its essential oil (EO) has not been well studied; therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of the C. amblyocarpa, collected from Egypt, and assess the allelopathic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of its EO. The EO of C. amblyocarpa was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chemometric analysis of the EO composition of the present studied ecospecies and the other reported ecospecies was studied. The allelopathic activity of the EO was evaluated against the weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were determined. Forty-eight compounds, with a prespondence of sesquiterpenes, were recorded. The major compounds were caryophyllene oxide (36.01%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (7.92%), alloaromadendrene epoxide (6.17%), myrtenyl acetate (5.73%), isoshyobunone (4.52%), shyobunol (4.19%), and trans-caryophyllene (3.45%). The chemometric analysis revealed inconsistency in the EO composition among various studied ecospecies, where it could be ascribed to the environmental and climatic conditions. The EO showed substantial allelopathic inhibitory activity against the germination, seedling root, and shoot growth of D. aegyptium, with IC50 values of 54.78, 57.10, and 74.07 mg L−1. Additionally, the EO showed strong antioxidant potentiality based on the IC50 values of 4.52 mg mL−1 compared to 2.11 mg mL−1 of the ascorbic acid as standard. Moreover, this oil showed significant anti-inflammation via the suppression of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX1, and COX2), along with membrane stabilization. Further study is recommended for analysis of the activity of pure authentic materials of the major compounds either singularly or in combination, as well as for evaluation of their mechanism(s) and modes of action as antioxidants or allelochemicals.
Highlights
Wild plants are considered green factories for the synthesis of thousands of bioactive compounds that have various biological activities and are integrated into the treatment of various diseases, controlling weeds as biocides, as well as being used in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications [1]
Based on the IC50 values, the root was more affected than the shoot, The chemometric analysis of the essential oil (EO) composition of the present studied C. amblyocarpa and other reported ecospecies (Saudi, Iranian, Tunisian, and Emirati) was performed using cluster analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) (Figure 3)
Chemometric analysis of the EO compositions of the studied Egyptian ecospecies in the present study and four other studied ecospecies collected from Saudi Arabia [28], Tunisia [37], Iran [27], and the United Arab Emirates [26] was performed via cluster analysis (agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal components analysis (PCA)
Summary
Wild plants are considered green factories for the synthesis of thousands of bioactive compounds that have various biological activities and are integrated into the treatment of various diseases, controlling weeds as biocides, as well as being used in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications [1]. Murb.) Ozenda, Cleome africana Botsch., or Cleome daryoushiana Parsa) is a herbaceous plant of the Cleomaceae family [13] It is widely growing in sandy or stony habitats of desert along with North Africa [14]. C. amblyocarpa, such as flavonoids and glucosinolates [16], saponins [17], triterpenoids [18] This herb has been reported to possess various biological activities, including antiinflammatory [16], anti-COVID-19 [17], genotoxicity [9], antidiabetic and antioxidant [19], and antimicrobial effects [20]. The present study aimed to (1) characterize the chemical composition of the EO isolated from the Egyptian ecospecies of C. amblyocarpa, and (2) evaluate the allelopathic activity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of its EO
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