Abstract
Recently, special attention has been givento acid rain and its problem to environment such as acid precipitation and air pollution in East Asia.In the present study, rainwater samples werecollected from Apr to Oct (farming period) and from Nov to Mar (non-farming period) in 2009 ~ 2011. The samples were chemically characterized for the assessment of emission sources. Suwon region, a typical agricultural area in Gyeonggi province (South Korea) was chosen as a study site. The content of ionic species and theirtemporal variation were used forfactor analysis, which was used to presume the natural and anthropogenic sources depending upon the farming and non-farming periods. The cationsobserved during farming and non-farming periods were > Na+> Ca2+> K+> H+> Mg2+and Na+> N >Ca2+> H+= Mg2+> K+, respectively. The anions during farming and non-farming periods were > > Cl- and > > Cl-, respectively. While the amounts of sulfate, one of the major dissolved components of rainwater were 113.5 and 177.0 ueq.L-1, the ones of NSS- (Non-Sea Salt sulfate) were 93.7 and 87.1% during farming and non-farming periods, respectively. The comparison of observed pH values (pHobs) with the theoretical pH values (pHthe) showed that the neutralization of rainwater considerably went along during farming and non-farming periods. The highest amountof rainfall throughout the year was310.5 mmin August and its corre sponding nitrogen loading was5.03 kg·ha-1. The major ion contents for crop growth, , Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, were 49.4, 5.5, 18.1,1.4 kg·ha-1from April to October. The major contributions to the existing chemical ions in rainwaters during farming and non-farming periods were from the natural sources (sea and soil) and the anthropogenic sources (human and animal waste, vehicular emission + fossil fuels combustion), respectively.
Highlights
As rapid industrialization has substantially increased environmental pollution and public concern, much attention has been given to the evaluation of the pollution level which caused by atmospheric deposition and acid rain [1,2]
The rainwater chemistry including the contents of ionic species and their temporal variation was used for factor analysis, which was used to presume the natural and anthropogenic sources depending upon the farming and non-farming periods
Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to find out associations between variables, reducing the dimensionality of the data table. This is accomplished by diagonalization of the correlation matrix of the data, which transforms the 10 original variables into 10 uncorrelated ones called principal components (PCs)
Summary
As rapid industrialization has substantially increased environmental pollution and public concern, much attention has been given to the evaluation of the pollution level which caused by atmospheric deposition and acid rain [1,2]. Only few studies concerning chemical investigation of rainwater and assessment of its emission sources (natural vs anthropogenic) to reduce the consequences of pollution on ecosystems were investigated [12,13,14,15]. They defined the emission sources, dust from sea salt and soil dust (i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3 / CO32 ) as natural sources and intensive coal burning, gases and particles emitted from industries and vehicles Public awareness of environmental pollution and geological circumstance of South Korea that locates on the east side of China where sulfurous acid gas emission was originated by rapid industrialization has increased and demanded the continuous monitoring on physiochemical properties of yellow dust and acid rain. The rainwater chemistry including the contents of ionic species and their temporal variation was used for factor analysis, which was used to presume the natural and anthropogenic sources depending upon the farming and non-farming periods
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