Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigated the chemical composition (carbonaceous species, water-soluble ions and metal elements) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles. The emission factors of PM2.5, total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were also determined. The emission measurements were performed for four gasoline and four diesel vehicles on a dynamometer with a constant volume sampling system. Vehicles having larger engines and higher accumulated mileages had higher emission factors of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, the average emission factor of NOx was about 30 times higher for diesel vehicles than for gasoline vehicles. The average PM2.5 emission factors for gasoline and diesel vehicles were 1.57 mg km–1 and 57.8 mg km–1, respectively. The ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) was found to be a good indicator of gasoline vehicle emissions (OC/EC > 1) and diesel vehicle emissions (OC/EC < 1). Among water-soluble ions, Ca2+ and SO42– had the highest contribution to PM2.5 emitted by gasoline vehicles, while NO3–, SO42– and Ca2+ had the highest contribution to PM2.5 emitted by diesel vehicles. Na, Ca, Fe and Zn were the top four metal elements in terms of their contributions to PM2.5 mass for both types of the vehicles, while Cd, Cr, Pb and Sb were some of the toxic metal elements detected in PM2.5.
Highlights
Road transportation can be an important contributor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and other toxic air pollutants in the urban atmosphere (Yang et al, 2005, 2007; Wang et al, 2010; May et al, 2014; Grivas et al, 2018; Dhital et al, 2019; Lin et al, 2019)
The highest total hydrocarbons (THC) emission factor was recorded for the diesel vehicle with the highest engine displacement (D4), whereas the lowest THC emission factor was observed for the diesel vehicle with the lowest engine displacement (D1)
This study investigated a detailed chemical composition of fine particulate matter and the emission factors of gaseous and particulate pollutants for gasoline and diesel vehicles based on dynamometer tests
Summary
Road transportation can be an important contributor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and other toxic air pollutants in the urban atmosphere (Yang et al, 2005, 2007; Wang et al, 2010; May et al, 2014; Grivas et al, 2018; Dhital et al, 2019; Lin et al, 2019). Inhalation and respiratory deposition of the fine particulates (PM2.5) pose threats to human health and cause higher mortalities and morbidities (WHO, 2006; Lipfert, 2017; Yang et al, 2017; Wang et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2018). Water-soluble ions in fine particulates might disrupt the regional and global radiation balance due to their capability to absorb or scatter solar radiation and Earth’s thermal radiation (Gopal et al, 2015)
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