Chemical characterization, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory effects of different extracts from one sage (Salvia ceratophylla L.) from Turkey: open a new window on industrial purposes.

Sengul Uysal,Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally,Luisa Custodio,Ramazan Ceylan,Gunes Ak,József Jekő,Fevzi Elbasan,Nabeelah Bibi Sadeer,Ahmet Uysal,Gokhan Zengin,Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan,Maria João Rodrigues,Zoltán Cziáky,Evren Yıldıztugay

doi:10.1039/d0ra10044g

Abstract

In the present study, the methanolic, hydro-methanolic, dichloromethane, hexane and aqueous extracts of Salvia ceratophylla L. (Family: Lamiaceae), a lemon-scented herb, were tested for total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities were evaluated using a battery of assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (phosphomolybdenum) and metal chelating). Enzyme inhibitory effects were investigated using acetyl- (AChE), butyryl-cholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase as target enzymes. Regarding the cytotoxic abilities, HepG2, B164A5 and S17 cell lines were used. The phytochemical profile was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our data showed that the methanolic aerial extracts possessed the highest phenolic (72.50 ± 0.63 mg gallic acid equivalent per g) and flavonoid (43.77 ± 1.09 mg rutin equivalent per g) contents. The hydro-methanolic aerial extract showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (193.40 ± 0.27 mg TE per g) and the highest reducing potential against CUPRAC (377.93 ± 2.38 mg TE per g). The best tyrosinase activity was observed with dichloromethane root extract (125.45 ± 1.41 mg kojic acid equivalent per g). Among the tested extracts, hexane root extract exerted the highest antimicrobial potential with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.048 mg mL−1. Methanolic root extract showed the lowest cytotoxicity (28%) against HepG2 cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of important polyphenolic compounds including luteolin, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, to name a few. This research can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigations on this lemon-scented herb.

Highlights

Salvia ceratophylla L. (S. ceratophylla) is a biennial lemonscented herb belonging to one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae comprising of about 900 species distributed worldwide.[1]
Plants and herbs are known to be abounded with scads of phytochemicals possessing medicinal properties such as antiin ammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant, to name a few.[29]
All extracts of S. ceratophylla exhibited activity against amylase and glucosidase which are the key clinical enzymes related to diabetes, a disease affecting millions of people across the globe

Summary

Introduction

Salvia ceratophylla L. (S. ceratophylla) is a biennial lemonscented herb belonging to one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae comprising of about 900 species distributed worldwide.[1]. (S. ceratophylla) is a biennial lemonscented herb belonging to one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae comprising of about 900 species distributed worldwide.[1] The herb is native to numerous places such as Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, the Transcaucasus, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.[2] Published literature reported that a number of different Salvia species and their respective essential oils have showed promising pharmacological propensities namely antioxidant, cytotoxicity,[3] antibacterial, anti-neurodegenerative,[4] anti-enzymatic (anticholinesterase, anti-urease, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase),[5] anti-tumour[6] and antidiabetic activities[7] to name a few. Two seco-4,5-abietane diterpenoids showed cytotoxic effects against MOLT-4 (human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia cells) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line) cell lines.[14] In another study, the chloroform extract of S. ceratophylla signi cantly depressed antibutyrylcholinesterase activity with a percentage inhibition of 91.3%.15. Natural enzyme inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants have been acknowledged as useful therapeutic tools for the management of numerous human pathologies

Methods

Results

Conclusion