Abstract
Rice straw is commonly burned openly after harvesting in Malaysia and many other Asian countries where rice is the main crop. This operation emits a significant amount of air pollution, which can have severe consequences for indoor air quality, public health, and climate change. Therefore, this study focuses on determining the compositions of trace elements and the morphological properties of fine particles. Furthermore, the species of bacteria found in bioaerosol from rice burning activities were discovered in this study. For morphological observation of fine particles, FESEM-EDX was used in this study. Two main categories of particles were found, which were natural particles and anthropogenic particles. The zinc element was found during the morphological observation and was assumed to come from the fertilizer used by the farmers. ICP-OES identifies the concentration of trace elements in the fine particle samples. A cultured method was used in this study by using nutrient agar. From this study, several bacteria were identified: Exiguobavterium indicum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Desulfonema limicola str. Jadabusan, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Lysinibacillus macrolides, and Bacillus proteolyticus. This study is important, especially for human health, and further research on the biological composition of aerosols should be conducted to understand the effect of microorganisms on human health.
Highlights
The combustion of living or dead plants, such as grassland, forest, and agricultural waste, as well as biomass for fuel, is referred to as biomass burning
The patterns of hourly changes in PM2.5 concentrations are based on this figure, i.e., the trends show that the emission of fine particles during rice straw burning activities were similar
The PM2.5 recorded in this study exceeded the limit suggested by MAAQS-2020 and USEPA, which is 35 μg/m3, and measured the highest at 645 μg/m3
Summary
The combustion of living or dead plants, such as grassland, forest, and agricultural waste, as well as biomass for fuel, is referred to as biomass burning. Biomass burning in agricultural fields is practiced to remove residues after the harvest and to control weeds and release nutrients for the crop cycle, while in forests it can contribute to agricultural clearing and assist with the collection of food products [3,4]. Open-field burning has many advantages, such as being effective, reliable, and inexpensive [5]. This low cost method of crop residue disposal is used in many parts of the world to clear land of surface biomass to facilitate crop rotation, to control undesirable weeds, pests and diseases, and to replenish the soil with nutrients [6]
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