Abstract
Surfactant drag-reducing additives are very promising for saving pumping energy in recirculation systems such as district heating and cooling systems because of their “self-repairability” after mechanical degradation compared to polymer drag-reducing additives, which degrade irreversibly. The effectiveness of cationic surfactant drag-reducing additives, as indicated by their effective drag-reduction temperatures and Reynolds number ranges, depends on the chemical structures and concentrations of the surfactants and counterions. In this paper, the effects of the surfactant (alkyl chain length, saturated/unsaturated chain, odd/even numbers of carbons, and surfactant headgroup) and counterion (size, polarity, etc.) chemical structures on surfactant drag reduction, as well as three physical properties postulated to be associated with surfactant drag reduction, are addressed. Shear-induced structure (SIS), viscoelasticity (in the forms of nonzero first normal stress difference, quick recoil, and stress oversho...
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