Chemical and Physical Evidences in the Groundwater Aquifer Caused by Over-Pumping of Groundwater and Their Countermeasures in the Major Asian Coastal Cities

Abstract

Economic growth of urban area induces the huge water demand for the city production and this creates the groundwater related disasters in many Asian cities. This situation has started from 1960s to 1970s Japan. After, many coastal cities in South East Asia had experienced similar problems later 1980s–2000s. This was caused by over-pumping of groundwater in the urban area and the related local city governments had tried to make countermeasures to protect such groundwater disasters by adapting the groundwater pumping regulation with the help of their national government. In the case of Japan, it has good success and the dropped groundwater level has clearly recovered by the help of the worm humid hydrological condition of Japanese island. Similar recovery has confirmed in Taipei and Bangkok, but it has not yet succeeded at Jakarta.