Chemical and molecular exchange effects on T2 relaxation of living tissues: A pulse spacing dependence study

Abstract

Contrast in magnetic resonance imaging depends principally on the longitudinal relaxation ( R 1) and the transverse relaxation rate ( R 2) of the observed nuclei, most often the protons. The spin-spin relaxation rate ( R 2) is the result of several mechanisms. The dependence of the interpulse delay of the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence on the transverse relaxation rate of the water was studied in rat organs in vitro. It gives an insight into the exchange mechanisms involved. The increase of the interpulse delay from 0.2 ms to 5 ms gives an R 2 increase of 23, 15, 3, and 2 s −1 for the heart, the liver, the spleen and the brain, respectively. These increases are compared to the R 2 increases obtained in 17O-enriched water, amino acid and albumin solutions where atomic exchange takes place. The concentration of these materials in organs cannot explain the R 2 increase of the organs with the interpulse delay. Water exchange between intra and extracellular compartments is proposed to explain the R 2 increase with interpulse delays in organs like the heart and the liver.