Abstract
This study investigated the time transient effect of zinc (Zn) in the porous titanium dioxide formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment routinely performed for Zn-containing electrolytes. The aim of our analysis was to understand the changes in both the chemical and biological properties of Zn in physiological saline. The morphology of the Zn-incorporated MAO surface did not change, and a small amount of Zn ions were released at early stages of incubation in saline. We observed a decrease in Zn concentration in the oxide layer because its release and chemical state (Zn2+ compound to ZnO) changed over time during incubation in saline. In addition, the antibacterial property of the Zn-incorporated MAO surface developed at late periods after the incubation process over a course of 28 days. Furthermore, osteogenic cells were able to proliferate and were calcified on the specimens with Zn. The changes related to Zn in saline had non-toxic effects on the osteogenic cells. In conclusion, the time transient effect of Zn in a porous titanium dioxide layer was beneficial to realize dual functions, namely the antibacterial property and osteogenic cell compatibility. Our study suggests the importance of the chemical state changes of Zn to control its chemical and biological properties.
Highlights
Recent studies have reported that biomaterial-associated infections caused by the formation of biofilms on biomaterial surfaces were a major cause of failure in implant surgeries [1,2,3,4,5,6]
The morphology and crystal structure of the porous oxide layer formed by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment did not show any changes during incubation in saline (Figures 1 and 2); this property is highly advantageous for implant surfaces
This study proved that the chemical state of Zn incorporated in the oxide layer played a key role in the development of its antibacterial activity
Summary
Recent studies have reported that biomaterial-associated infections caused by the formation of biofilms on biomaterial surfaces were a major cause of failure in implant surgeries [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The biofilms are generally formed as a result of bacterial adhesion, growth, colony formation, extracellular polysaccharides, quorum sensing signals, and formation of nutrition channels. Biofilms can weaken the effect of antibiotic agents due to the presence of a wide variety of bacterial species and the barrier effect of the extracellular polysaccharide [7,8,9,10,11,12]. The only way of preventing sepsis is by retrieval of the device on which the biofilm was formed from the patient. It is necessary to inhibit biofilm formation during implantation of devices in Coatings 2019, 9, 705; doi:10.3390/coatings9110705 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings
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