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Abstract
The Dendrobium species (Orchidaceae) has been cultivated as an ornamental plant as well as used in traditional medicines. In this study, the chemical profiles of Dendrobii Herba, used as herbal medicine, Dendrobium in two different species, their hybrid, and the gamma-irradiated mutant lines of the hybrid, were systematically investigated via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF MS). Among the numerous peaks detected, 17 peaks were unambiguously identified. Gigantol (1), (1R,2R)-1,7-hydroxy-2,8-methoxy-2,3-dihydrophenanthrene-4(1H)-one (2), tristin (3), (−)-syringaresinol (4), lusianthridin (5), 2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-1,4-dione (6), densiflorol B (7), denthyrsinin (8), moscatilin (9), lusianthridin dimer (10), batatasin III (11), ephemeranthol A (12), thunalbene (13), dehydroorchinol (14), dendrobine (15), shihunine (16), and 1,5,7-trimethoxy-2-phenanthrenol (17), were detected in Dendrobii Herba, while 1, 2, and 16 were detected in D. candidum, 1, 11, and 16 in D. nobile, and 1, 2, and 16 in the hybrid, D. nobile × candidum. The methanol extract taken of them was also examined for cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells, where Dendrobii Herba showed the greatest cytotoxicity. In the untargeted metabolite analysis of 436 mutant lines of the hybrid, using UPLC-QToF MS and cytotoxicity measurements combined with multivariate analysis, two tentative flavonoids (M1 and M2) were evaluated as key markers among the analyzed metabolites, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines.
Highlights
Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae [1]
UPLC-QToF MS combined with multivariate analysis was used to analyze the chemical profiles of the gamma-irradiated mutant lines derived from D. nobile × candidum
The results showed a clear separation of different groups of the mutant lines and the distinguished marker metabolites (M1 and M2), according to the two clusters
Summary
Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae [1]. Previous phytochemical studies on the Dendrobium species have resulted in the isolation of diverse types of compounds, such as alkaloids [4,5,6,7,8,9,10], bibenzyls [9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], phenanthrenes [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31], fluorenones [18,31], sesquiterpenoids [6,32,33], lignans [21,34], flavonoids [35,36], and polysaccharides [37,38,39] These compounds have been reported as exhibiting neuroprotective [4,5], anticancer [6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,25,26,27,34], antioxidant [18,21,32,36,37,38], anti-inflammatory [22,23,38], and immunomodulatory activities [39]. There have been many reports on the mechanisms of their anticancer actions, including apoptosis and cell migration [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
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