Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to understand the importance of biochemical biomarkers in assessing marine pollution by Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Pesticides. Methods: The oxidative stress and antioxidant response as well as ultrastructural changes of both liver and muscle tissues of Siganusrivulatus collected from El-Mex Bay as a polluted region and Marsa Matrouh as a control region far from land-based sources of pollution have been investigated by using standard methods. In general, the results cleared out that El-Mex Bay was much more polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides compared to Matrouh area. The concentration range of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides in sediment samples collected from Matrouh coast was 16.29-32.58 ng/g, dry weight and 107.62-149.11ng/g, dry weight, respectively. On contrast, the range in sediment samples collected from El- Mex Bay was 217.12-255.33 ng/g, dry weight and 663.73-778.7ng/g, dry weight, respectively. Biomarkers studies revealed that the induction of antioxidant systems in response to oxidative stress and the increase in lipid peroxidation in fish collected from the polluted area were good indicators for the pollution load" in the present study. On the meantime, the present study revealed that ultrastructural changes serve as a biomarker of stress in aquatic environment. Moreover, the results suggested that chemical pollution, on the other hand, is capable of inducing morphological alteration in liver of fish collected from polluted area.
Highlights
The marine environment of Egypt, especially coastal ecosystems has been subjected to a substantial increase in the last decades of pollution due to a great number of industrial, agricultural, commercial and domestic waste, effluents and emissions as well as hazardous substances [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]
The concentration range of total pesticides in fish muscles collected from Matrouh coast is 46.837-66.165 ng/g, dry weight, where this range in fish muscles collected from ElMex bay is 347.11-412.6 ng/g, dry weight
The concentration range of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish muscles collected from Matrouh coast is 2.19-6.43 ng/g, dry weight, where this range in fish muscles collected from El- Mex Bay is 38.33-57.52 ng/g, dry weight.The concentration of total PCBs in fish muscles collected from El- Mex Bay is 11.5 fold more than those collected from Matrouh coast (Figure 3)
Summary
The marine environment of Egypt, especially coastal ecosystems has been subjected to a substantial increase in the last decades of pollution due to a great number of industrial, agricultural, commercial and domestic waste, effluents and emissions as well as hazardous substances [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Because environmental contaminants can have a broad spectrum of sub lethal effects on organisms, so bio-indicators are useful tools for assessing the presence and levels of chemical pollution. Such effects in organisms sensitive to contaminant exposures can be used as early warning signs for the degradation of the environment [17,18,19,20]. Pollutants accumulated in tissues of fish may catalyze reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to environmental oxidative stress. Indicators of oxidative stress include changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, Mohamed Atia Sheradah et al.: Chemical and Biochemical Evaluation of Marine Pollution by Polychlorinated
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