Abstract
A comprehensive study on essential oil and different solvent extracts of Sideritis romana L. subsp. purpurea (Tal. ex Benth.) Heywood (Lamiaceae) from Montenegro is reported. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil revealed a total of 43 components with bicyclogermacrene (23.8%), germacrene D (8%), (E)-caryophyllene (7.9%) and spathulenol (5.5%) as the major ones. Sesquiterpenoid group was found to be the most dominant one (64.8%), with 19.9% of the oxygenated forms. In the crude methanol extract of the investigated plant, obtained by Sohhlet exraction, the total phenol content was 14.7 ± 0.4 mg of GA/g, the total flavonoids were 0.29 ± 0.03% expressed as hyperoside percentage, whereas the total tannins content was 0.22 ± 0.04% expressed as pyrogallol percentage. For the antimicrobial activity determination, the following microorganisms have been used: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29213)) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA (clinical strain)), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (clinical strain), carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (clinical strain) and Candida albicans (ATCC 14053). The essential oil showed high potency against MSSA and MRSA, both at high (~5 × 105 CFU/mL) and low (~5 × 103 CFU/mL) inoculum. With respect to MSSA, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 0.307 mg/mL, with bactericidal activity obtained at 0.615 mg/mL, while, in the case of MRSA, the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 0.076 and 0.153 mg/mL, respectively. Regarding anti-Candida albicans activity, the MIC value was 2.46 mg/mL without reaching fungicidal activity. In addition to the observed essential oil efficacy, different solvent extracts were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity. Similarly to the essential oil, thehighest efficacy was observed against both MSSA and MRSA strains, at high and low inoculums, in the case of the 1,2-dichloroethane and methanol extracts. A potent fungicidal activity has been also found for the n-hexane and 1,2-dichloroethane extracts. It can be concluded that Sideritis romana L. subsp. purpurea (Tal. ex Benth.) Heywood provides a wide range of application in different fields such as phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology or pharmacognosy.
Highlights
Essential oils (EOs) have been known since antiquity to possess different biological activities, notablyEssential antibacterial and antifungal, antioxidant propertiesGenerally, activities depend oils (EOs) have been or known since antiquity to [1,2].possess differentthese biological activities, onnotably the chemical compositionEO that isor determined by the plant genotype, and greatly influenced antibacterial and of antifungal, antioxidant properties [1,2]
SP essential oil (SPEO) isolated by hydrodistillation from the crushed dried plant material was obtained as a yellow liquid with a yield of 0.015% w/w
Similar results were obtained with S. lycia and S. libanotica being 16.05–18.04 and 9.16–10.49 mg GA/g, respectively [45], while higher Total phenolic content (TPC) has been reported for S. raeseri (15.3 to 34.1 mg GA/g), S. scardica (188.5 ± 12.9 mg GA/g), S. amasiaca, S. serratifolia, S. condensata and S. eryhrantha samples [20,39,46,47,48]
Summary
Essential oils (EOs) have been known since antiquity to possess different biological activities, notablyEssential antibacterial and antifungal, antioxidant properties. EO that isor determined by the plant genotype, and greatly influenced antibacterial and of antifungal, antioxidant properties [1,2] These activities bydepend severalon factors such as geographical origin and environmental and agronomic conditions [3,4,5]. EOs and their ingredients have an unexpectedly large range of applications Their cosmetic influenced by several factors such as geographical origin and environmental and agronomicuse is probably most ancient bothingredients for their functional, perfume andlarge preservative properties [6]. The species from this genus are used for its vulnerary properties to heal cuts and wounds of the skin [25], while, in some Italian regions, the decoy of the exsiccated leaves is used to wash the unconcealed parts of the body in case of fright in order to soothe anxiety [26]
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