Abstract
According to Peck (1963), several Nearctic species of the encyrtid genus Cheiloneurus Westwood are hyperparasitic in nature, and 3 of the 11 described species in North America (including C. inimicus Compere) have been reported as obligatory hyperparasites of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard), in California (Smith and Compere 1928, Weseloh 1969) where, according to Compere (1925), it is usually a secondary parasite of Aphycus (=Metaphycus) lounsburyi Howard, which is a primary parasite of black scale. Thus, it can seriously affect the effectiveness of A. lounsburyi in the field. Timberlake (1913) also noted that Cheiloneurus spp. associated with brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L., in California are rare native forms which may attack other coccoids ( Lecanium, Kermes , and Pseudococcus ).
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