Abstract
Based on an investigation of illicit slave-trading activity in Santo Domingo in the late 1630s, this article examines some hidden aspects of the Portuguese slave trade to Spanish America in this time. In particular, the investigating magistrate's pursuit of Portuguese-language documents called avenças reveals important details about the slaves leaving African ports, the investors in these voyages, and the contrast between the internal papers carried by slavers and the records kept by Spanish authorities. It also illuminates the ties of mutual interest between Portuguese and Spanish individuals during the union of these two crowns, despite their bureaucratic separation.
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