Abstract
The journey towards transportation electrification started with small electric vehicles (i.e., electric cars), which have enjoyed an increasing level of global interest in recent years. Electrification of commercial vehicles (e.g., trucks) seems to be a natural progression of this journey, and many commercial vehicle manufacturers have shifted their focus on medium- and heavy-duty vehicle electrification over the last few years. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review and analysis of the existing works presented in the literature on commercial vehicle charging. The paper starts with a brief discussion on the significance of commercial vehicle electrification, especially heavy- and medium-duty vehicles. The paper then reviews two major charging strategies for commercial vehicles, namely the return-to-base model and the on route charging model. Research challenges related to the return-to-base model are then analysed in detail. Next, different methods to charge commercial vehicles on route during their driving cycles are summarized. The paper then analyzes the challenging issues related to charging commercial vehicles at public charging stations. Future works relevant to these challenges are highlighted. Finally, the possibility of accommodating vehicle to grid technology for commercial vehicles is discussed.
Highlights
H UMAN-INDUCED greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to global climate change with increase in the Earth’s temperature over the past century [1]
According to the operational schedules of commercial electric vehicles, charging infrastructure can be located at places where vehicles park to enable overnight charging or between shifts, and publicly accessible places to enable charging on route along the daily driving cycle of commercial vehicles
Due to the spatial and temporal distribution of commercial truck fleet activities and a shortage of suitable public charging stations, most commercial enterprises rely on a “returnto-base” strategy where high-power charging infrastructure is installed at their commercial facilities to enable the full charging of electric trucks (ETs) outside working hours, such as overnight or between shifts as depicted in Fig. 1 [48]
Summary
H UMAN-INDUCED greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to global climate change with increase in the Earth’s temperature over the past century [1]. In recent studies [5], [19], the uptake of commercial electric vehicles, including trucks, were around 250,000 light-duty vehicles, with a stock of nearly 31,000 units of medium- and heavyduty vehicles This lack of adoption of commercial electric vehicles has been attributed to the poor policies applied to this sector as compared with light passenger vehicles [18], [20]. Regulations and government incentives promoting the use of zero-emission vehicles have increased the deployment of ETs, especially MDTs and HDTs [18], [28], [29] Several truck manufacturers, such as DAF, Daimler, MAN, Navistar, Nikola, PACCAR, Volkswagen, Volvo, Tesla Inc., and Thor Trucks, have announced significant plans to electrify their MDTs and HDTs, with battery sizes ranging from 300 kWh up to about 990 kWh [19]. I VMT refers to Vehicle Miles Traveled. ii PTO refers to Power Take-Off iii The percentage of the truck population by vocations depends on the California truck population. [6]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
