Charged black holes in de Sitter space: Superradiant amplification of charged scalar waves and resonant hyperradiation

Abstract

Black holes typically inhabit highly dynamical galactic environments and are frequently permeated by accretion media. The inevitable scattering of scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational waves off rotating and charged black holes provides a remarkable demonstration of the energy extraction and subsequent amplification of scattered waves under the expense of the compact object's rotational and electromagnetic energy, a phenomenon known as superradiance. Certain circumstances tremendously favor the energy extraction process in such extent that linear superradiant instabilities are triggered. We examine the superradiant amplification of monochromatic charged scalar fields impinging Reissner-Nordstr\"om-de Sitter black holes which are known to exhibit superradiantly unstable quasinormal modes. We find that even though the frequency range of superradiance is reduced when a positive cosmological constant is incorporated, the amplification factors are significantly elevated with respect to those occurring in Reissner-Nordstr\"om spacetime. Intriguingly, we confirm that the long-lived quasinormal resonances that reside in the superradiant regime induce resonant peaks when the wave's frequency matches the real part of the quasinormal mode, regardless of the spacetime's modal stability.