Charge transport and recombination in PDPP5T:[70]PCBM organic solar cells: The influence of morphology

Abstract

The performance of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells is strongly dependent on the donor/acceptor morphology. Morphological parameters, such as the extent and the composition of donor- and acceptor-rich domains, influence both the charge generation and the charge transport throughout the active layer. This work focuses on a polymer:fullerene system based on a small bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole–quinquethiophene alternating copolymer (PDPP5T) mixed with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester ([70]PCBM) that is capable of efficiencies higher than 6%. By changing the processing conditions, the morphology can be varied from a coarse separated morphology, with fullerene domains (blobs) embedded in a polymer-rich matrix, to a completely mixed layer.The charge carrier transport and the strength of the bimolecular recombination in PDPP5T:[70]PCBM blends with different morphologies and fullerene concentrations are experimentally characterized. The large difference in electron and hole mobility and the electric field dependency of the electron mobility are identified as the causes that limit the performance of devices with low [70]PCBM content. These effects are not present if the concentration of [70]PCBM is increased while keeping a fine phase separation by the addition of ortho-dichlorobenzene as a cosolvent.For the phase-separated blends, a model is proposed, based on a drift–diffusion approach that combines electrical and morphological parameters; with this model the contribution of each phase to the total current is quantified. Under operating conditions, most of the current comes from the interfacial region between the phases, with holes traveling through the matrix and the electrons through the blobs. This device model consistently connects morphological features to overall device performance.