Charge Density Analysis and Topological Properties of Hal3-Synthons and Their Comparison with Competing Hydrogen Bonds

Abstract

Trimers based on intermolecular halogen-bonding interactions (Hal3-synthons) have been studied in hexachlorobenzene, hexabromobenzene, pentachlorophenol, and pentabromophenol. Attention is paid to the comparison of Cl3- and Br3-synthons and to their competition with hydrogen bonds (HBs), based on the experimental and theoretical charge density analyses in crystal and gas phases. The main differences between Cl3- and Br3-synthons are established coming from the particular structure of the valence shell charge concentration region in Cl and Br atoms. Electrophilic–nucleophilic interactions take place within the intermolecular regions of Hal3-synthons by putting face-to-face charge depletion (CD) and charge concentration (CC) regions belonging to the valence shell of the halogen atoms. The electrostatic interaction follows the electrophilic and nucleophilic power of these regions and is monitored by the negative Laplacian values normalized to charge density unit (L/ρ) at the corresponding topological critica...