Characterizing thoracic morphology variation to develop representative 3D models for applications in chest trauma

Abstract

BackgroundRib fracture(s) occurs in 85% of blunt chest trauma cases. Increasing evidence supports that surgical intervention, particularly for multiple fractures, may improve outcomes. Thoracic morphology diversity across ages and sexes is important to consider in the design and use of surgical intervention devices in chest trauma. However, research on non-average thoracic morphology is lacking. MethodsThe rib cage was segmented from patient computed tomography (CT) scans to create 3D point clouds. These point clouds were uniformly oriented and chest height, width, and depth were measured. Size categorization was determined by grouping each dimension into small, medium, and large tertiles. From small and large size combinations, subgroups were extracted to develop thoracic 3D models of the rib cage and surrounding soft tissue. ResultsThe study population included 141 subjects (48% male) ranging from age 10–80 with ∼20 subjects/age decade. Mean chest volume increased with age by 26% from the age groups 10–20 to 60–70, with 11% of this increase occurring between the youngest groups of 10–20 and 20–30. Across all ages, chest dimensions were ∼10% smaller in females and chest volume was highly variable (SD: ±3936.5 cm3). Representative thoracic models of four males (ages 16, 24, 44, 48) and three females (ages 19, 50, 53) were developed to characterize morphology associated with combinations of small and large chest dimensions. ConclusionsThe seven models developed cover a broad range of non-average thoracic morphologies and can serve as a basis for informing device design, surgical planning, and injury risk assessments.