Abstract
The transition toward sustainable cities requires evaluating current energy policies to reshape established patterns of energy supply and use. Ignoring socioeconomic and geographic differences among households in the energy policy-making process jeopardizes the government's ability to achieve a fair distribution of resources and advance energy equity. Hence, tailored urban energy strategies that address specific opportunities to improve local sustainable development and energy justice are needed. In this paper, we use the energy burden, i.e., the share of household income spent on energy services, as a metric to characterize energy affordability for urban households in Mexico. We estimate the electricity and gas consumption as well as their resulting financial burden for 17,850 urban households in 72 metropolitan areas. The calculated median monthly energy consumption of Mexican urban households is 453 kWh and is dominated by gas consumption. This results in a median energy burden of 3.5%. However, we observe a large diversity among households in energy consumption and, consequently, in energy burden, due to variations in energy use among urban households derived from their socioeconomic and geographic conditions. In addition, we analyze the role of the temperature-based residential electricity subsidy. We find that even with subsidized electricity prices, the current subsidy scheme is insufficient to alleviate energy vulnerability in urban Mexico, and at the same time, it has a regressive effect by benefiting those consuming more. Based on the analysis of the energy burden at the city level, we highlight evident problems and potential solutions missed by one-size-fits-all energy policies. This analysis provides a better understanding of the drivers and distribution of energy burden in urban households. It also presents practical insights that could help policymakers ensure that energy is available to all households according to their needs and that demands for reductions in energy consumption as well as for adoption of clean energy technologies and energy efficiency measures come from each according to their capacity.
Highlights
The transition toward sustainable cities requires that energy policies have equity and justice at their core (Jenkins, 2016; Jenkins et al, 2016)
The energy burden, i.e., the percentage of household income used for energy expenditures, is a widely used objective metric to assess energy poverty in terms of affordability of energy services (Reames, 2016; Bednar et al, 2017; Thomson et al, 2017; Tirado Herrero, 2017; Agbim et al, 2020; Drehobl et al, 2020; Kontokosta et al, 2020)
We identify at one end, highly energy burdened households that, even with the current electricity subsidy scheme, spend disproportionately more of their income in energy bills, and at the other end, energy secure households for whom paying for energy services, with or without subsidy, represents only a small fraction of their income
Summary
The transition toward sustainable cities requires that energy policies have equity and justice at their core (Jenkins, 2016; Jenkins et al, 2016). Economic, and geographic factors of energy use in the development and implementation of energy policies jeopardizes the fulfillment of the population’s energy needs and the fair and efficient distribution of resources. Even though there is no universal definition of energy poverty, it is widely described as the inability of a household to secure a socially and materially necessary level of domestic energy services (Bouzarovski and Tirado Herrero, 2017). Its assessment depends on the conceptualization and evaluation of the underlying factors (e.g., accessibility, adequacy and affordability of energy services) and these are usually particular to the case under study (Schuessler, 2014)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
