Abstract
The ubiquitous use of CT imaging has led to a considerable rise in the number of patients presenting with unsuspected findings of small renal masses (≤4 cm). Given improvements in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with preserving renal function, nephron-sparing surgery has increasingly been preferred over radical nephrectomy for such patients. However, deciding between surgical intervention and surveillance is a common clinical dilemma, especially for patients with multiple comorbidities. Renal-mass biopsies have traditionally been used in this scenario to identify carcinomas, but the …
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