Abstract
BackgroundMassive techniques have been evaluated for developing different pest control methods to minimize fertilizer and pesticide inputs. As “push-pull” strategy utilizes generally non-toxic chemicals to manipulate behaviors of insects, such strategy is considered to be environmentally friendly. “Push-pull” strategy has been extraordinarily effective in controlling stem borers, and the identification of new “pushing” or “pull” components against stem borers could be significantly helpful.ResultsIn this study, the results of field trapping assay and behavioral assay showed the larvae of C.auricilius, one kind of stem borers, could be deterred by rice plant under tilling stage, its main host crop. The profiles of volatiles were compared between rice plants under two different developmental stages, and α-pinene was identified as a key differential component. The repelling activity of α-pinene against C.auricilius was confirmed by Y-tube olfactometer. For illuminating the olfactory recognition mechanism, transcriptome analysis was carried out, and 13 chemosensory proteins (CSPs) were identified in larvae and 19 CSPs were identified in adult of C.auriciliu, which was reported for the first time in this insect. Among these identified CSPs, 4 CSPs were significantly regulated by α-pinene treatment, and CSP8 showed good binding affinity with α-pinene in vitro.ConclusionsOverall, C.auricilius could be repelled by rice plant at tilling stage, and our results highlighted α-pinene as a key component in inducing repelling activity at this specific stage and confirmed the roles of some candidate chemosensory elements in this chemo-sensing process. The results in this study could provide valuable information for chemosensory mechanism of C.auricilius and for identification of “push” agent against rice stem borers.
Highlights
Massive techniques have been evaluated for developing different pest control methods to minimize fertilizer and pesticide inputs
After 30 days, when the rice plant entered into the tilling stage, the trapping assay was conducted at the same condition
1-NPN was used as the probe to measure the binding affinity of CSP8 to αpinene in competitive binding assay, and the results indicated that CSP8 showed high affinity for α-pinene with 11.16 of IC50 values and 4.34 of binding constant (Fig. 6d)
Summary
Massive techniques have been evaluated for developing different pest control methods to minimize fertilizer and pesticide inputs. The incidence of Chilo auricilius, one kind of stem borers, was more frequent in paddy field which located near sugarcane crop as it could rely on sugarcane for the sustenance at certain developmental stage during its life cycle [10,11,12] In such case, providing that the chemicals emitted from main host plant at certain stage were potentially maladaptive and intolerable to insect, a prerequisite for insect is to adapt to alternate host plants based on its innate ability or experience [13]. Identification of the vital chemicals and illuminating the mechanism of repelling process would be helpful to provide effective “push” agents to establish “push-pull” strategy against C.auricilius and other closely related species of stem borers [14,15,16]
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