Abstract
Abstract This article develops a conceptual and analytical framework with empirical applications to characterize infrastructure failure interdependencies (IFIs). It uses major electrical power outages as the context for understanding how extreme events (within or external to the power system) lead to failures of other infrastructure systems, given a major electrical power outage. The article takes an empirical approach by examining the patterns of IFIs that occurred in two events: the August 2003 northeastern North American blackout and the 1998 Quebec ice storm. Section 2 discusses concepts for characterizing IFIs conditional on an extreme event and draws parallels to other models. Then the categories of the framework to characterize IFIs and their consequences are discussed. Section 3 documents and compares the IFIs from the two major outages. Section 4 provides discussion and conclusions regarding future extensions of this work and its applications.
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