Characterizing Hygroscopic Films of Polyzwitterions in Electric Fields Using Neutron and X-ray Reflectometries: Electrostriction or Mass Loss?

Abstract

We study responses of thermally annealed ultrathin films deposited on silicon substrates and containing polyzwitterions to applied electric fields by using specular neutron reflectometry (NR). In particular, we applied 7 kV under vacuum at 150 °C on the films containing poly(1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-2-vinylpyridinium) (P2VPPS) and its blends with either a deuterated ionic liquid (EMIMBF4-d11), potassium bromide (KBr), or deuterated sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS-d7). The voltage was applied over an air gap, and the in situ neutron reflectivity measurements allowed us to measure changes in the films. In all the cases, we measured decreases in thicknesses of the films, which varied up to ∼8% depending on the added salt. Posteriori X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements on the same films at room temperature reveal that these films were highly hygroscopic, which led to the presence of water in these films. Analysis of the NR and the XRR revealed that the decrease in the thickness of the films in the neutron reflectivity experiments on heating resulted from the loss of water and the ionic liquid but not from electrostrictive effects. The in situ NR and posteriori XRR experiments revealed not only the hygroscopic nature of these films but also depth-resolved structural rearrangements due to the applied electric fields in the films containing electrolytes and polyelectrolytes. This work shows that a combination of NR and XRR can be used to distinguish between mass loss and electrostriction in films containing charged polymers such as polyzwitterions.