Abstract
With global anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emissions increasing, automobiles are significantly contributing as the major source of emissions. However, the appropriate regulations of BC emissions from vehicles are not in place. This study examined BC emissions following fuel types (gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel) and engine combustion (gasoline direct injection (GDI) and multi-port injection (MPI) for gasoline vehicles) with emission regulations. To this end, chassis dynamometer and aethalometer (AE33) were used. Driving modes created by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and emission certification modes (CVS-75 and NEDC) for vehicles in Korea were used to determine BC emissions for various vehicle speeds. In addition, the contributions of biomass and coal combustion to the data of AE33 were analyzed to determine the possibility of tracking the BC sources. MPI, LPG, and EURO 6 with diesel particulate filter (DPF) vehicles emitted the lowest BC emissions in NIER modes. Among gasoline vehicles, MPI vehicles showed the lower BC content in PM emissions. Also, older vehicles in MPI vehicles emitted the high PM and BC emissions. The BC emissions of EURO 3 vehicles without DPF were the highest as the results of previous studies, and it was found that as emissions regulations were tightened, the level of BC results of diesel vehicles became similar with MPI vehicles. The average absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) from difference emissions sources were biomass combustion (oak wood) > coal combustion (the power plant stack) > automobile emissions (gasoline, LPG, diesel).
Highlights
Black carbon (BC) is a particulate matter (PM) emitted by the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon
This study aims to supplement existing knowledge by measuring BC emissions from automobiles according to various fuel oil types used in Korea and types of PM regulation, and investigate their emission characteristics
BC Emission by Fuel Types According to National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and Regulation Mode
Summary
Black carbon (BC) is a particulate matter (PM) emitted by the incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon. It is typically 1 μm or less in size, absorbs solar energy, and affects global radiative forcing [1]. Unlike other typical PM that has negative radiative forcing and cools the Earth’s atmosphere, increasing BC concentrations contribute to increased heat absorption in the atmosphere and reduce sunlight reflection, adversely affecting global warming. Sci. 2020, 10, 5856 higher, BC is considered one of the major contributors to global warming along with carbon dioxide (1.68 W m−2 ) and methane (0.97 W m−2 ) [2,3,4].In addition, toxicological studies have shown that BC can be a major carrier of toxic substances to the human body [5], and a previous study has reported high correlation between BC and respiratory diseases [6]
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