Abstract
Artificial lands or islands reclaimed from the sea due to their vast land spaces and air are suitable for the construction of airports, harbors, and industrial parks, which are convenient for human and cargo transportation. However, the settlement process of reclamation foundation is a problem of public concern, including soil consolidation and water recharge. Xiamen New Airport, one of the largest international airports in China, has been under construction on marine reclamation land for three years. At present, the airport has reached the second phase of construction, occupying 15.33 km2. The project will last about twenty years. To investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of ground settlement associated with land reclamation, Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, including intensity images and phase measurements, were considered. A total of 82 SAR images acquired by C-band Sentinel-1 satellite covering the time period from August 2015 to October 2018 were collected. First, the spatial evolution process of land reclamation was analyzed by exploring the time series of SAR image intensity maps. Then, the small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS–InSAR) technique was used to retrieve ground deformation information over the past three years for the first time since land reclamation. Results suggest that the reclaimed land experienced remarkable subsidence, especially after the second phase of land reclamation. Furthermore, 26 ground settlement areas (i.e., 0.015% of the whole area) associated with land reclamation were uncovered over an area of more than 1200 km2 of the Xiamen coastal area from January 2017 to October 2018. This study offers important guidance for the next phase of land reclamation and the future construction of Xiamen New Airport.
Highlights
With the rapid development of modern cities, the efficiency of land-resource utilization has significantly risen
Jiang and Lin [10] investigated the long-term reclamation settlement of Hong Kong’s Chek Lap Kok Airport by integrating InSAR and geological data; Yu et al [11] applied COSMO–SkyMed and Sentinel-1 satellite images to investigate ground deformation in ocean-reclaimed areas of Shanghai, China; Liu et al [12] determined surface deformation associated with land reclamation in Shenzhen, China from 2004 to 2010, and from 2013 to 2017, by combining the Envisat, COSMO–SkyMed, and Sentinel-1 datasets; Aslan et al [13] investigated the spatial extent and rate of ground deformation related to land reclamation in the megacity of Istanbul, Turkey by using the ERS-1/2, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 datasets
The temporal and spatial evolution of land changes and reclaimed land deformation of Xiamen New Airport were jointly investigated with the intensity and phase information of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images
Summary
With the rapid development of modern cities, the efficiency of land-resource utilization has significantly risen. Jiang and Lin [10] investigated the long-term reclamation settlement of Hong Kong’s Chek Lap Kok Airport by integrating InSAR and geological data; Yu et al [11] applied COSMO–SkyMed and Sentinel-1 satellite images to investigate ground deformation in ocean-reclaimed areas of Shanghai, China; Liu et al [12] determined surface deformation associated with land reclamation in Shenzhen, China from 2004 to 2010, and from 2013 to 2017, by combining the Envisat, COSMO–SkyMed, and Sentinel-1 datasets; Aslan et al [13] investigated the spatial extent and rate of ground deformation related to land reclamation in the megacity of Istanbul, Turkey by using the ERS-1/2, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 datasets These studies mainly focus on surface deformation investigation several years after the completion of land reclamation. Potential ground settlement areas associated with land reclamation in the coastal area of the city of Xiamen were mapped and analyzed
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