Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 samples from Wuhan, China were collected during a winter period of February and a summer period of August in 2018. The average PM2.5 mass concentration in winter reached 112 μg/m3—about two-fold higher than that found in summer. Eight ionic species constituted 1/3 of PM2.5, whereas more than 85% represented secondary ionic aerosols (NO3−, SO42− and NH4+). Higher ratios of NO3−/SO42− (0.95–2.62) occurred in winter and lower ratios (0.11–0.42) occurred in summer showing the different contribution for mobile and stationary sources. Seventeen elemental species constituted about 10% of PM2.5, with over 95% Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, K and Zn. Higher K-concentration occurred in winter indicating greater contribution from biomass and firework-burning. Carcinogenic risks by Cr, As, Cd, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 indicated that about 6.94 children and 46.5 adults among per million may risk getting cancer via inhalation during surrounding winter atmospheric sampling, while about 5.41 children and 36.6 adults have the same risk during summer. Enrichment factors (EFs) and elemental ratios showed that these hazardous elements were mainly from anthropogenic sources like coal and oil combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicles.
Highlights
Crowned by domestic economists as “China’s economic and geographic center”, Wuhan City is the most populated megacity in Central China, with an area of 8494 km2 and a population of approximately 10.2 million
With growing energy consumption economic development and rapid urbanization, Wuhan has been suffering from serious atmospheric pollution [1,2,3,4]
The PM2.5 -sampling site in Wuhan (N30.60, E114.28) as shown in Figure 1 was on the roof of one of the buildings of the Wuhan Environmental Protection Science Research Institute which near the interaction of two parkways named Xiangjiang Road and Changjiangribao Road
Summary
Crowned by domestic economists as “China’s economic and geographic center”, Wuhan City is the most populated megacity in Central China, with an area of 8494 km and a population of approximately 10.2 million. Situated at the junction of the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River, Wuhan covers a critical geographic location about 950 km north of Hong Kong, 700 km west of Shanghai, 1000 km south of Beijing and 980 km east of Chengdu [1,2]. With growing energy consumption economic development and rapid urbanization, Wuhan has been suffering from serious atmospheric pollution [1,2,3,4]. According to the report from AQI (https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/), the annual PM2.5 in Wuhan was 88.0 μg/m3 , 68.8 μg/m3 , 57.1 μg/m3 , 51.6 μg/m3 , 44.7 μg/m3 and
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