Abstract
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is used profusely by the common people as an alternative diet of protein. The sparse nodulation in French bean mainly may be due to lack of threshold level of specific rhizobial cells in soil at the time of sowing. The isolates streaked on YEMA with BTB changed to yellow color showing the production of acid which is the characteristic of Rhizobium. Utilization of different carbon sources is an efficient tool to characterize the isolates. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is the beneficial rhizobacteria inoculation of which increases growth and yield of French bean through different direct and indirect mechanisms. Inoculation of French beans with rhizobial and rhizobacterial isolates found to be improved growth, physiological, quality parameters and grain yield through symbiotic N2-fixation capacity and plant growth promoting abilities. Co-inoculation of rhizobial and rhizobacterial isolates enhanced the growth and grain yield of French bean. These isolates may be used as consortium to improve the growth of French bean, which may reduce the dependency of farmer on chemical fertilizer as well as risk of pollution. In this chapter characterization of Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their effect on plant growth has been reviewed.
Highlights
In the present intensive agriculture practices leguminous plants play a critical role in natural ecosystem, agriculture and agroforestry because of their ability to fix nitrogen (N2) in symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
This study revealed the presence of efficient multi-trait rhizobial and PGPR isolates in French bean rhizosphere
Those rhizobial isolates which nodulate the plant under controlled conditions may be authenticated as Rhizobium and, having plant growth promoting traits may increase plant height, nodule number, dry biomass, chlorophyll content, grain yield, nutrient uptake and protein yield after inoculation
Summary
In the present intensive agriculture practices leguminous plants play a critical role in natural ecosystem, agriculture and agroforestry because of their ability to fix nitrogen (N2) in symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. Different rhizobial strains have demonstrated various other plant growth promoting activities in addition to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) This necessitates the isolation and development of the efficient multi-trait rhizobial isolates for French bean for economizing the nitrogen fertilizer, environmental safety and sustainable production. According to Broughton et al [12], french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been reported as an important legume for human nutrition and a major protein and calorie source in the world. It is cultivated in the sub-Himalayan and higher Himalayan altitudes between 1200 and 1800 m. The residual straw can be used as fodder and forage [16] as well as to incorporate in the soils to improve the soil health
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