Abstract
Plume profile and plume cone angle (θc) were determined by still photographic technique in a cold model set-up where air was blown into a water bath through an axial nozzle located at the bottom of the vessel. Effects of various operating variables,e.g., gas flow rate(Q), bath height(H), and nozzle diameter(d n) on the plume profile were investigated. θc increased with increasingQ, decreased with increasingH, but was approximately independent ofd. Based on the experimental data the following empirical correlation was developed: $$(\frac{{\theta _c }}{{180}}) = 0.915\;Fr_m^{0.12} (\frac{H}{D})^{ - 0.254} (\frac{{d_n }}{D})^{0.441} $$ whereD is bath diameter, Frm is modified Froude number (= 16Q2/π2gd4 nH⋅ G/(pL-pG)), g is acceleration due to gravity, andp L andp G are densities of liquid and gas, respectively.
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