Abstract
Pathogenic fungi including Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are the main destructive pathogens in the citrus industry, causing great losses during postharvest process. To our knowledge, only one mycovirus from P. digitatum has been reported, and the prevalence of such mycoviruses against citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi and their genotyping were still under investigation. In the present study, we showed that 39 of 152 Penicillium isolates from main citrus-growing areas in China were infected with various mycoviruses belonging to polymycoviruses, Narna-like viruses, and families Totiviridae, Partitivirdae and Chrysoviridae. The next generation sequencing (NGS) towards virus genome library and the following molecular analysis revealed two novel mycoviruses Penicillium digitatum polymycovirus 1 (PdPmV1) and Penicillium digitatum Narna-like virus 1 (PdNLV1), coexisting in P. digitatum strain HS-RH2. The fungicide-resistant P. digitatum strains HS-F6 and HS-E9 coinfected by PdPmV1 and PdNLV1 exhibited obvious reduction in triazole drug prochloraz resistance by mycelial growth analysis on both PDA plates and citrus fruit epidermis with given prochloraz concentration. This report at the first time characterized two novel mycoviruses from P. digitatum and revealed the mycovirus-induced reduction of fungicide resistance.
Highlights
Citrus fruit is one of valuable crops in agricultural fruit markets
Considering that members of either Narna-like viruses or polymycoviruses were seldom reported in Penicillium strains, these two mycoviruses harboring dsRNA2-6 were subjected to further analysis in the following study
Of all the 89 citrus postharvest pathogenic fungal strains from main citrus-growing areas in China, we have isolated 35 P. digitatum strains with mycovirus infection
Summary
Citrus fruit is one of valuable crops in agricultural fruit markets. A quantity of harvested citrus fruits decay by P. digitatum, P. italicum, P. crustosum, and other filamentous fungi during postharvest handling[1,2]. Concerning RNA mycoviruses sharing characteristics between dsRNA and positive-strand ssRNA viruses, a novel family ‘Polymycoviridae’ has been proposed from Beauveria bassiana virus screening but not accepted by current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)[10]. This newly proposed family mainly comprised non-conventionally encapsidated mycoviruses (polymycoviruses) with four to seven dsRNA segments (0.9–2.4 kbp in length) as genome structure[10,11]. Apart from Penicillium digitatum virus 1 (PdV1)[17], no other mycovirus has been reported from citrus pathogenic fungi (Penicillium species)
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