Characterization of the surface deposition on anodized-hydrothermally treated commercially pure titanium after immersion in simulated body fluid

Abstract

The interface phenomena between anodized-hydrothermally treated commercially pure titanium (SA-treated c.p.Ti) endosseous implants and biological tissue are important in osseous wound healing. Therefore purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological, structural and chemical features of SA-treated c.p.Ti surfaces after immersion in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). Anodic oxide (AO) c.p.Ti and SA-treated c.p.Ti disks were immersed for 14 and 28 days in HBSS (37 degrees C, pH 7.4). These samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, and ion chromatography. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns were similar in each sample before and after HBSS immersion. Scanning electron microscopy performed after 28 days immersion in HBSS revealed deposits completely covering SA-treated c.p.Ti. However, deposits were not observed on AO c.p.Ti after 14 or 28 days immersion. Electron probe microanalyzer results revealed an even distribution of calcium and phosphorus on SA-treated c.p.Ti after 28 days immersion, however there was no change in AO c.p.Ti disks during all immersion periods. Ion chromatography showed increased levels of calcium and phosphorus on SA-treated c.p.Ti disks compared to AO c.p.Ti disks, after 28 days immersion. The results indicate that the deposits formed on SA-treated c.p.Ti surfaces contained calcium phosphate. These deposits may be formed as a consequence of the topography and physicochemical properties of SA-treated c.p.Ti surfaces and may play a key role in osteoconduction during osseous wound healing.