Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles were prepared by the nonsolvent method using high-pressure CO2/water systems. The membrane properties of vesicles prepared at different pressures and temperatures were mainly characterized based on analysis of the membrane fluidity and membrane polarity, using the fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 6-dodecanoyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine, respectively. The CO2(liquid)/water(liquid) and the CO2(supercritical)/water(liquid) two-phase (heterogeneous) systems resulted in the formation of vesicles with high yield (ca. 85%-88%). The membrane fluidity and polarity of the vesicles were similar to those of liposomes prepared by the conventional method. It is suggested that high-pressure CO2 can be used to form an appropriate hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface where phospholipid molecules as a self-assembled membrane.
Highlights
The membrane properties of vesicles prepared at different pressures and temperatures were mainly characterized based on analysis of the membrane fluidity and membrane polarity, using the fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 6-dodecanoyl-N,N-dimethyl-2naphthylamine, respectively
Phospholipid vesicles were prepared by the nonsolvent CO2 method, and they were characterized focusing on the physicochemical membrane properties
DMPC vesicle formation was verified by laser diffraction and Raman analysis
Summary
Emergent properties arising from the membrane of the liposome (vesicle) have been introduced, where the vesicle (liposome) membrane can selectively interact with various types of molecules under particular conditions. The important functions of vesicles include (1) interaction with proteins (enzymes) and nucleotides, (2) storage of encapsulated molecules, and (3) fusion with membranes. Vesicle membranes are dynamic, for example, vesicles composed of1,2-dimylistoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) possess phase transition temperatures (Tm) at 23.6 and 41.6 C, respectively. Based on vesicle characterization protocols, a variety of vesicles prepared by several methods have been investigated. The membrane properties, such as the phase state, membrane fluidity, and membrane polarity, are possible factors to recruit the guest molecules on the membrane surface. it is assumed that a specific assembled state (i.e., interdigitated membrane) might form in the liquid–liquid–surfactant ternary system. it is important to estimate the physicochemical properties of vesicles, such as the membrane fluidity and polarity. Emergent properties arising from the membrane of the liposome (vesicle) have been introduced, where the vesicle (liposome) membrane can selectively interact with various types of molecules under particular conditions.. The important functions of vesicles include (1) interaction with proteins (enzymes) and nucleotides, (2) storage of encapsulated molecules, and (3) fusion with membranes.. Based on vesicle characterization protocols, a variety of vesicles prepared by several methods have been investigated.. Based on vesicle characterization protocols, a variety of vesicles prepared by several methods have been investigated.21–24 The membrane properties, such as the phase state, membrane fluidity, and membrane polarity, are possible factors to recruit the guest molecules on the membrane surface.. It is important to estimate the physicochemical properties of vesicles, such as the membrane fluidity and polarity
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